Application of transport phenomena principles-momentum-heat transfer-mass transfer

Transport phenomenon is any of various mechanisms by which particles or quantities move from one place to another. The laws which govern transport connect a flux with a “motive force”. Three common examples of transport phenomena are diffusion, convection, and radiation. The science of transport phenomena is a great complement to rheological study of Newtonian fluids.

There are three main categories of transport phenomena:
Heat transfer,
Mass transfer, and
Momentum Transfer (Fluid Mechanics)

The generalized method adopted for solving transport phenomena problems start with quantity analysis for any given system as:
(Rate of quantity IN) + (Rate of Production of the quantity) = (Rate of quantity OUT) + (Rate of Accumulation of the Quantity)

Heat transfer is the transition of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler object (“object” in this sense designating a complex collection of particles which is capable of storing energy in many different ways)
Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of matter. The transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact as in fluids or by free electron diffusion as predominant in metals or phonon vibration as predominant in insulators
Convection is the transfer of heat energy between a solid surface and the nearby liquid or gas in motion. As fluid motion goes faster the convective heat transfer increases. The presence of bulk motion of fluid enhances the heat transfer between the solid surface and the fluid.
   Natural Convection: is when the fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that result from the density variations due to variations of temperature in the fluid. For example in the absence of a external source when the mass of the fluid is in contact with the hot surface its molecules separate and scatter causing the mass of fluid to become less dense. When this happens, the fluid is displaced vertically or horizontally while the cooler fluid gets denser and the fluid sinks. Thus the hotter volume transfers heat towards the cooler volume of that fluid.[3]
Forced Convection: is when the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by external source such as fans and pumps. It creates an artificially induced convection current.

 Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through empty space.

Application of heat transfer in bioprocessing:

Heat transfer is typically studied as part of a general chemical engineering or mechanical engineering curriculum. Typically, thermodynamics is a prerequisite to undertaking a course in heat transfer, as the laws of thermodynamics are essential in understanding the mechanism of heat transfer

A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one fluid to another, whether the fluids are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix, or the fluids are directly contacted. Heat exchangers are widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning, space heating, power generation, and chemical processing. One common example of a heat exchanger is the radiator in a car, in which the hot radiator fluid is cooled by the flow of air over the radiator surface
Condensation heat transfer

Condensation occurs when a vapor is cooled and changes its phase to a liquid. Condensation heat transfer, like boiling, is of great significance in industry. During condensation, the latent heat of vaporization must be released. The amount of the heat is the same as that absorbed during vaporization at the same fluid pressure.
There are several modes of condensation:
Homogeneous condensation (as during a formation of fog).
Condensation in direct contact with subcooled liquid.
Condensation on direct contact with a cooling wall of a heat exchanger-this is the most common mode used in industry

Mass transfer is the transfer of mass from high concentration to low concentration. The phrase is commonly used in engineering for physical processes that involve molecular and convective transport of atoms and molecules within physical systems. Mass transfer includes both fluid flow and separation unit operations.

Some common examples of mass transfer processes are the evaporation of water from a pond to the atmosphere; the diffusion of chemical impurities in lakes, rivers, and oceans from natural or artificial point sources; mass transfer is also responsible for the separation of components in an apparatus such as a distillation column. In HVAC examples of a heat and mass exchangers are cooling towers and evaporative coolers where evaporation of water cools that portion which remains as a liquid, as well as cooling and humidifying the air passing through.
The driving force for mass transfer is a difference in concentration; the random motion of molecules causes a net transfer of mass from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The amount of mass transfer can be quantified through the calculation and application of mass transfer coefficients. Mass transfer finds extensive application in chemical engineering problems, where material balance on components is performed.

A fractionating column or fractionation column is an essential item used in the distillation of liquid mixtures so as to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on the differences in their volatilities. Fractionating columns are used in small scale laboratory distillations as well as for large-scale industrial distillations.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium, abbreviated as VLE by some, is a condition where a liquid and its vapor (gas phase) are in equilibrium with each other, a condition or state where the rate of evaporation (liquid changing to vapor) equals the rate of condensation (vapor changing to liquid) on a molecular level such that there is no net (overall) vapor-liquid interconversion.

Liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid phase into another liquid phase. Liquid-liquid extraction is a basic technique in chemical laboratories, where it is performed using a separatory funnel. This type of process is commonly performed after a chemical reaction as part of the work-up.

a separation process is used to transform a mixture of substances into two or more distinct products. The separated products could differ in chemical properties or some physical property, such as size, or crystal modification or other separation into different components.

 

Fick’s first law relates the diffusive flux to the concentration field, by postulating that the flux goes from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, with a magnitude that is proportional to the concentration gradient (spatial derivative). In one (spatial) dimension,

Momentum transfer:

 momentum (pl. momenta; SI unit kg·m/s, or, equivalently, N·s) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object (p = mv). For more accurate measures of momentum,
momentum transfer is the amount of momentum that one particle gives to another particle.
In the simplest example of scattering of two particles with momenta p1,p2 going into two particles with momenta p3,p4, the momentum transfer is given by
q = p1 – p3 = p4 – p2
where the last identity expresses momentum conservation. Momentum transfer is an important quantity because  is a better measure for the typical distance resolution of the reaction than the momenta themselves.
Application:

Fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids move and the forces on them. (Fluids include liquids and gases.) Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion. It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms. Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research with many unsolved or partly solved problems

Introduction to unitprocesses-biotechnology-all-in-one-process-engineering-principles

Unit processing is the basic processing in chemical engineering. Together with unit operations it forms the main principle of the varied chemical industries. Each genre of unit processing follows the same chemical law much as each genre of unit operations follows the same physical law.
Chemical engineering unit processing consists of the following important processes:
Oxidation,Reduction,Hydrogenation,Dehydrogenation,Hydrolysis,Hydration,Dehydration,Halogenation,Nitrification,Sulfonation,Alkylation,Dealkylation,Esterification,Polymerization,Polycondensation,Catalyze

Oxidation describes the loss of electrons / hydrogen or gain of oxygen / increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom or ion.
Reduction describes the gain of electrons / hydrogen or a loss of oxygen / decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom or ion.
Hydrogenation is the chemical reaction that results from the addition of hydrogen (H2). The process is usually employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds.
Dehydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the elimination of hydrogen (H2). It is the reverse process of hydrogenation. Dehydrogenation reactions may be either large scale industrial processes or smaller scale laboratory procedures.
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions, which may go on to participate in further reactions.[1][2] It is the type of reaction that is used to break down certain polymers, especially those made by step-growth polymerization.
Hydration may refer to:
Hydration reaction, a chemical addition reaction where a hydroxyl group and proton are added to a compound
Mineral hydration, an inorganic chemical reaction where water is added to the crystal structure of a mineral
Solvation, the clustering of solvent (water) molecules around a solute particle

Dehydration (hypohydration) is defined as excessive loss of body water.[1] It is literally the removal of water (Ancient Greek: ?d??, hýdor) from an object. In physiological terms, it entails a relative deficiency of water molecules in relation to other dissolved solutes. Some definitions even require a rise in blood sodium concentration[2], but in reality a loss of body water usually accompanies a loss of solutes as well.

Halogenation is a chemical reaction that incorporates a halogen atom into a molecule. More specific descriptions exist that specify the type of halogen: fluorination, chlorination, bromination, and iodination
Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates. Degradation of ammonia to nitrite is usually the rate limiting step of nitrification. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil

Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another

Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product

In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks or polymer chains.[1][2][3] There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them.

Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is either increased or decreased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst.
in this manner unitprecesses play an important role in almost all the industrial applications

Unitoperations-introduction-process engineering principles-biotechnology-biotechnology-all-in-one

Unit operations are the individual pieces of a Chemical Engineering, Food production or other manufacturing process. For example in milk processing, homogenization, pasteurization, chilling, and packaging are each unit operations which are connected to create the overall process. A process may have many unit operations to obtain the desired product.Each unit operation follows the same physical laws and may be used in all chemical industries. The unit operations form the fundamental principles of chemical engineering.
Chemical engineering unit operations consist of five classes:
Fluid flow processes, including filtration
Heat transfer processes, including evaporation, condensation
Mass transfer processes, including gas absorption, distillation, extraction, adsorption, drying
Thermodynamic processes, including gas liquefaction, refrigeration
Mechanical processes, including solids transportation, crushing and pulverization, screening and sieving

Fluid flow processes

Filtration is a mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass. Oversize solids in the fluid are retained, but the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles (depending on the pore size and filter thickness).
Evaporation is the slow vaporization of a liquid and the reverse of condensation. A type of phase transition, it is the process by which molecules in a liquid state (e.g. water) spontaneously become gaseous (e.g. water vapor). Generally, evaporation can be seen by the gradual disappearance of a liquid from a substance when exposed to a significant volume of gas. Vaporization and evaporation however, are not entirely the same processes. For example, substances like caesium, francium, gallium, bromine, rubidium and mercury may vaporize, but they do not evaporate as such.

Heat transfer:

Condensation is the change of the physical state of aggregation (or simply state) of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase.[1] When the transition happens from the gaseous phase into the solid phase directly, bypassing the liquid phase, the change is called deposition. While condensation can occur in many different substances, the condensation of water vapor in air is by far the most common experienced (such as the formation of dew on a cold drink).

Masstransfer:

Absorption, in chemistry, is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase – gas, liquid or solid material. This is a different process from adsorption, since molecules undergoing absorption are taken up by the volume, not by the surface (as in the case for adsorption). A more general term is sorption which covers adsorption, absorption, and ion exchange. Absorption is basically where something takes in another substance.

Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction.

Adsorption is the accumulation of atoms or molecules on the surface of a material. This process creates a film of the adsorbate (the molecules or atoms being accumulated) on the adsorbent’s surface
Drying of Bioproducts is a mass transfer process resulting in the removal of water moisture or moisture from another solvent, by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid (hereafter product) to end in a solid state

Thermodynamic transfer

Liquefaction of gases includes a number of phases used to convert a gas into a liquid state. The processes are used for scientific, industrial and commercial purposes

Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable.

unit operations play an important roel in anyindustry and main they found their application in industrial biotechnology and fermation related precesses in indutries

Application-of-engineering-principles-in-biotech-industries-process-engineering-principles

Engineering is the science, discipline, art and profession of acquiring and applying technical, scientific and mathematical knowledge to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that safely realize a desired objective or inventions
Engineering principles:
The single most important principle for the strong design of structures is called the bending moment. Basically, a moment in engineering parlance is the principle of the lever. If you want to tighten a bolt, you can hold a wrench close to the bolt or you could grab the wrench at the end. The end of the wrench gives you more advantage. The distance at which a force acts influences the outcome. That is the principle of the moment.
Biotechnology can be broadly defined as “using living organisms or their products for commercial purposes.” As such, biotechnology has been practiced by human society since the beginning of recorded history in such activities as baking bread, brewing alcoholic beverages, or breeding food crops or domestic animals.

A narrower and more specific definition of biotechnology is “the commercial application of living organisms or their products, which involves the deliberate manipulation of their DNA molecules” (see glossary for definitions of bold-print words). This definition implies a set of laboratory techniques developed within the last 20 years that have been responsible for the tremendous scientific and commercial interest in biotechnology, the founding of many new companies, and the redirection of research efforts and financial resources among established companies and universities. These laboratory techniques provide scientists with a spectacular vision of the design and function of living organisms, and provide technologists in many fields with the tools to implement exciting commercial applications.

Application of engineering principles in biotech industries

1)The biotechnology industry emerged in the 1970s, based largely on a new recombinant DNA   technique
2)Biotechnology has created more than 200 new therapies and vaccines, including products to treat cancer, diabetes, HIV/ AIDS and autoimmune disorders.
3)Agricultural biotechnology benefits farmers, consumers and the environment.by increasing yields and farm income, decreasing pesticide applications and improving soil and water quality, and providing healthful foods for consumers.
4)Environmental biotech products make it possible to clean up hazardous waste more efficiently by harnessing pollutioneating microbes.
5)Industrial biotech applications have led to cleaner processes that produce less waste and use less energy and water in such industrial sectors as chemicals, pulp and paper, textiles, food, energy, and metals and minerals. For example, most laundry detergents produced in the United States contain biotechnology-based enzymes

Main engineering principles that play an important role in Biotech industries:

Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM) and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes.[1] Genetic engineering is different from traditional breeding, where the organism’s genes are manipulated indirectly. Genetic engineering uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter the structure and characteristics of genes directly. Genetic engineering techniques have found some successes in numerous applications. Some examples are in improving crop technology, the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through the use of modified bacteria, the manufacture of erythropoietin in hamster ovary cells, and the production of new types of experimental mice such as the oncomouse (cancer mouse) for research.

Bioprocess Engineering is a specialization of Chemical Engineering or of Agricultural Engineering. It deals with the design and development of equipment and processes for the manufacturing of products such as food, feed, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, chemicals, and polymers and paper from biological materials

Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e.g. chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g. biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. In addition to producing useful materials, modern chemical engineering is also concerned with pioneering valuable new materials and techniques – such as nanotechnology, fuel cells and biomedical engineering.[1] A person employed in this field is called a chemical engineer.

 These are found to be the major applications of enginnering principles in biotech industries